Old people in Widou Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn\u2019t see the sky.Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.\u00a0<\/p>\n
Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara\u2019s advance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region.\u201cThe local Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,\u201d Mr. Boetsch said in an interview. \u201cThe vegetation can\u2019t regenerate itself.\u201d<\/p>\n
Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country\u2019s segment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall.First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10 other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15 kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert.While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.<\/p>\n
\u201cThis semi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,\u201d Col. Pap Sarr, the agency\u2019s technical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology.\u201cIn Senegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other countries as they become more active,\u201d the colonel said.Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400 people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000 people are mobilized to plant out rows of seedlings, about 2 million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.<\/p>\n
After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008 are up to three meters, or 10 feet, tall.So far, 30,000 hectares, or about 75,000 acres, have been planted, including 4,000 hectares this summer.<\/p>\n
There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30 sensors to record temperatures in some planted parcels.\u201cPreliminary results show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,\u201d Professor Peiry said in an interview. \u201cThe transpiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.\u201d\u201cThe trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,\u201d he added.Wildlife is responding to the changes. \u201cMigratory birds are reappearing,\u201d Mr. Boetsch said.<\/p>\n
The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where fruit and vegetables are grown.\uff08\u539f\u6587\u5730\u5740\uff1aHolding Back the Sahara \u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4eba\u7684\u5168\u9762\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u6c11\u5065\u5eb7\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u75c5\u6709\u6240\u533b\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5171\u540c\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6709\u774013\u4ebf\u591a\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u533b\u7597\u536b\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\u4ebf\u4e07\u4eba\u6c11\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u5927\u6c11\u751f\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e2d\u56fd\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u89c6\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u589e\u8fdb\u4eba\u6c11\u5065\u5eb7\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\u533b\u7597\u536b\u751f\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u836f\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u533b\u836f\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u6c11\u5065\u5eb7\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\u533b\u7597\u536b\u751f\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u836f\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u533b\u836f\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u6c11\u5065\u5eb7\u3002<\/p>\n \u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u575a\u6301\u201c\u4ee5\u519c\u6751\u4e3a\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u9884\u9632\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e2d\u897f\u533b\u5e76\u91cd\uff0c\u4f9d\u9760\u79d1\u6280\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u52a8\u5458\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u5065\u5eb7\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5efa\u8bbe\u670d\u52a1\u201d\u7684\u536b\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u9488\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u53d1\u5c55\u5177\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u7684\u533b\u7597\u536b\u751f\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e0d\u61c8\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u57ce\u4e61\u7684\u533b\u7597\u536b\u751f\u670d\u52a1\u4f53\u7cfb\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u75be\u75c5\u9632\u6cbb\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u5f3a\uff0c\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u969c\u8986\u76d6\u4eba\u53e3\u9010\u6b65\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u536b\u751f\u79d1\u6280\u6c34\u5e73\u65e5\u76ca\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\u5065\u5eb7\u6c34\u5e73\u660e\u663e\u6539\u5584\u3002<\/p>\n \u968f\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u4eba\u53e3\u8001\u9f84\u5316\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u52a0\u5feb\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\u5065\u5eb7\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u548c\u6162\u6027\u75c5\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u533b\u7597\u536b\u751f\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u65e5\u76ca\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u536b\u751f\u8d44\u6e90\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4f18\u8d28\u8d44\u6e90\u77ed\u7f3a\u3001\u5206\u5e03\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u533b\u7597\u536b\u751f\u4e8b\u4e1a\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5341\u5206\u8270\u5de8\u3002\uff08\u8282\u9009\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u533b\u7597\u536b\u751f\u4e8b\u4e1a\u300b\u767d\u76ae\u4e66 \u7ffb\u8bd1\u7855\u58eb\u771f\u9898\u7f51 mtizt.com\u6ce8\uff09<\/p>\n Good health is a prerequisite for promoting all-round development of the person. And it is a common pursuit of human societies to improve people’s health and ensure their right to medical care. For China, a large developing country, medical and healthcare is of vital importance to its population of over 1.3 billion, and is a major issue concerning its people’s well being.<\/span><\/p>\n China pays great attention to protecting and improving its people’s health. As the Constitution stipulates, “The state develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine…, all for the protection of the people’s health.”<\/p>\n Over the years, China has worked hard to develop its medical and health services with Chinese characteristics in accordance with the policy of “making rural areas the focus of our work, putting disease prevention first, supporting both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, relying on science, technology and education, and mobilizing the whole of society to join the efforts, improving the people’s health and serving socialist modernization.” Thanks to unremitting efforts that have been made, medical and healthcare systems covering both urban and rural residents have taken shape, the capabilities of disease prevention and control have been enhanced, the coverage of medical insurance has expanded, continuous progress has been made in medical science and technology, and the people’s health has been remarkably improved.<\/p>\n With the quickened pace of the country’s industrialization and urbanization, as well as its increasingly aging population, the Chinese people are facing the dual health threats of infectious and chronic diseases, and the public needs better medical and health services. In the meantime, problems still exist regarding China’s health resources, especially the shortage of high-quality resources and the unbalanced distribution of those resources. China has arduous tasks ahead for reforming and developing its medical and health services.<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n \u771f\u9898\u6765\u81ea@brotherfive 06-13\u5e74CATTI\u4e09\u7ea7\u7b14\u8bd1\u5b9e\u52a1\u771f\u9898\u53ca\u7b54\u6848 pdf \u4e0b\u8f7d\uff1a\u767e\u5ea6\u4e91<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Section 1: English-Chinese Translation (50 points) Old … \u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb CATTI\u82f1\u8bed\u7b14\u8bd1\u5b9e\u52a1(3\u7ea7)2016\u5e745\u6708\u8003\u8bd5\u771f\u9898\u4e0e\u7b54\u6848<\/span>
\nSenegal Helps Plant a Great Green Wall to Fend Off the Desert<\/a>\u00a0mtizt.com\u6ce8\uff09<\/span><\/p>\nSection2: Chinese-English Translation (50 points)<\/h3>\n
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587:<\/a><\/strong><\/h3>